Manejo conservador del trauma renal pediátrico de alto grado: Reporte de dos casos clínicos / Conservative management of high-grade pediatric renal trauma: Report of two clinical cases

El traumatismo es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en pediatría. El trauma renal constituye del 1-5% de todos los traumas y la lesión traumática de órgano intraabdominal más frecuente. El manejo conservador de lesiones traumáticas de órganos sólidos se ha consolidado en la última década. Presentamos dos pacientes pediátricos atendidos conservadoramente por lesiones renales traumáticas de alto grado. Caso 1: Masculino de 9 años, sin antecedentes patológicos, con contusión en zona lumbar derecha por caída desde un árbol de 2 metros de altura que ingreso con hematuria macroscópica, dolor intenso y estable hemodinámicamente. Tomografía abdominal (TAC) contrastada evidencia lesión renal grado IV. Se brindó manejo conservador: analgesia, hidratación endovenosa de mantenimiento, terapia con antibióticos, reposo y colocación de catéter doble J, egresado 11 días después y citado en consulta externa a los 2 meses, TAC de control muestra evolución favorable, asintomático y con función renal sin alteraciones. Caso 2: Escolar masculino de 10 años, sin antecedentes patológicos, con trauma toracoabdominal derecho luego de caída en precipicio de 5 metros de altura. Ingreso con intenso dolor en flanco derecho, resistencia muscular voluntaria, hemodinámicamente estable y sin compromiso respiratorio. Ultrasonido abdominal informa hematoma perirrenal derecho. TAC abdominal Residente de Medicina Pediátrica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Valle de Sula **Médico especialista en Cirugía Pediátrica, Honduras. Dirigir correpondencia a: dr.daniel.almazan@gmail.com Recibido: 20 de mayo de 2021 Aprobado: 13 de Julio de 2021 evidencia lesión renal derecha grado V. Manejo conservador con hidroterapia de mantenimiento, terapia con antibióticos, analgesia y reposo. Se colocó catéter doble J. Egresa y se cita al mes de evolución, TAC abdominal de control favorable y asintomático en el seguimiento. El manejo conservador de la lesión renal en pacientes pediátricos hemodinámicamente estables es exitoso individualizando el caso adecuadamente y clasificando apropiadamente el grado de lesión...(AU)

Papel de la ecografía en la sala de emergencia en el diagnóstico del trauma de tórax / The Role of Sonography in the Emergency Room for the Diagnosis of Thoracic Trauma

Introducción: Dentro de la atención al lesionado con trauma torácico se cuenta con varios medios diagnósticos, entre ellos la evaluación por ecografía focalizada en trauma extendido a tórax, el cual ha mostrado una alta sensibilidad, aun realizado por médicos no radiólogos como cirujanos generales, emergencistas e intensivistas. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de la ecografía torácica extendida realizada por cirujanos en lesionados con traumatismo torácico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de evaluación de pruebas diagnósticas con un diseño transversal, en 1052 pacientes ingresados en la sala de emergencia. Se les realizó la evaluación por ecografía torácica extendida en el Hospital Universitario "General Calixto García", durante el período comprendido entre enero de 2020 y febrero de 2021. Resultados: Fueron realizados en un periodo de 1 año un total de 1052 ultrasonidos torácicos, 221 casos fueron positivos, de ellos 81 neumotórax (7,7 por ciento) y 62 hemoneumotórax (5,9 por ciento) todos confirmados por tomografía de tórax. La edad promedio fue de 45,27 (18-97), el sexo masculino prevaleció con 772 casos (73,4 por ciento). Los mecanismos productores de trauma más frecuentes fueron: caída de altura 273 casos (26 por ciento) y trauma contuso 181 casos (17,2 por ciento). La ecografía torácica extendida obtuvo una sensibilidad de un 95,24 por ciento y una especificidad de 99,88 por ciento en el diagnóstico lesiones torácicas. Conclusiones: La ecografía torácica extendida demostró que en manos de los cirujanos generales es una herramienta confiable, segura, no invasiva, poco costosa, repetible, que permite diagnosticar rápidamente lesiones torácicas y tratarlas(AU)

Introduction: Within care for the injured patient with thoracic trauma there are several diagnostic means. For example, extended focused assessment with sonography for thoracic trauma has shown high sensitivity, even when performed by non-radiologists such as general surgeons, emergency specialists and intensivists. Objective: To determine the usefulness of extended thoracic sonography performed by surgeons on injured patients with thoracic trauma. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of diagnostic tests assessment was carried out in 1052 patients admitted to the emergency room. They were assessed by extended thoracic sonography at General Calixto García University Hospital, during the period between January 2020 and February 2021. Results: A total of 1052 thoracic ultrasounds were performed in a period of one year, of which 221 cases were positive. Of them, 81 were pneumothorax (7.7 percent) and 62 were hemopneumothorax (5.9 percent), all confirmed by chest tomography. The average age was 45.27 (18-97). The male sex prevailed, with 772 cases (73.4 percent). The most frequent trauma-producing mechanisms were altitude fall, accounting for 273 cases (26 percent), and blunt trauma, accounting for 181 cases (17.2 percent). Extended thoracic ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 95.24 percent and a specificity of 99.88 percent in the diagnosis of thoracic injuries. Conclusions: Extended thoracic ultrasound showed that, in the hands of general surgeons, it is a reliable, safe, noninvasive, inexpensive and repeatable tool that allows rapid diagnosis and treatment of thoracic injuries(AU)

Avaliação ultrassonográfica do diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico de pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave e sua correlação com técnica invasiva / Ultrasound evaluation of optic nerve sheath diameter in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and its correlation with invasive technique

Introdução: o aumento da pressão intracraniana (PIC) pode deteriorar as condições clínicas de pacientes vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) grave, sendo que a identificação e o tratamento precoce desse aumento são considerados modificadores de morbidade e de mortalidade. Entre as técnicas descritas para estimar a PIC, uma tem se destacado por, além de ser não invasiva, poder ser realizada facilmente à beira do leito: a avaliação ultrassonográfica do diâmetro da bainha do nervo óptico (BNOP). Método: em 40 pacientes vítimas de TCE grave, admitidos em hospital de trauma nível I, submetidos ao implante de cateter intraparenquimatoso, sedados e em uso de ventilação mecânica, após consentimento de seus responsáveis, foram realizadas medidas ultrassonográficas da BNOP e comparadas simultaneamente com a medição invasiva da PIC, com o objetivo de se avaliar a associação entre as duas técnicas e de se determinar o valor de referência do diâmetro da BNOP para a população estudada. Foram excluídos do trabalho os pacientes com idade inferior a 18 anos, vítimas de traumatismo craniano penetrante ou traumas oculares diretos. Resultados: foram realizadas 53 medidas ultrassonográficas da BNOP nos 40 pacientes do estudo; 44 medidas (83%) foram realizadas em pacientes com PIC < 20 mmHg e nove (17%) em pacientes com PIC ≥ 20 mmHg. O valor médio do diâmetro da BNOP no grupo com PIC < 20 mmHg foi 5,4 mm ± 1,0, e no grupo com PIC ≥ 20 mmHg, 6,4 mm ± 0.7 (p = 0,0026). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as medidas da BNOP realizadas nos olhos direito e esquerdo do mesmo paciente. Foi demonstrada uma correlação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre a medida ultrassonográfica da BNOP e a medição invasiva da PIC, sendo que, por meio da análise da curva ROC, o melhor ponto de corte encontrado foi 6,18 mm, medida que confere 77,8% de sensibilidade e 81,8% de especificidade na identificação da PIC ≥ 20 mmHg. Conclusão: este estudo parece ser pioneiro no Brasil a avaliar de forma comparativa a medida ultrassonográfica da BNOP com a medição invasiva da PIC, além de ter a maior amostra identificada na literatura composta exclusivamente por pacientes vítimas de TCE grave e submetidos à medição simultânea invasiva da PIC. Conclui-se que há uma correlação positiva entre a medida do diâmetro da BNOP e a medição invasiva da PIC, com ponto de corte definido em 6,18 mm. O objetivo desta validação não substitui a técnica invasiva, mas demonstra que a técnica ultrassonográfica pode ser uma ferramenta complementar de grande utilidade no cuidado do paciente vítima de TCE, principalmente quando não há disponibilidade de exames de imagem, equipamentos ou equipe neurocirúrgica.

Introduction: increased intracranial pressure (ICP) may deteriorate the clinical conditions of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. For this reason, its identification and prompt treatment could modify morbidity and mortality in these set of patients. Among several described techniques to estimate intracranial pressure, one has emerged as non-invasive and easily performed at bedside: ultrasonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). Method: 40 severe TBI patients were included and they were admitted to a level I trauma hospital. They were underwent intraparenchymal device placement, sedated and on mechanical ventilation. After a family member have signed informed consent, ultrasonographic measurement of ONSD was performed and compared with intracranial pressure invasive measurement in order to evaluate association between them and determine a threshold value. People under eighteen years old, penetrating TBI and direct ocular trauma were excluded from this study. Results: 53 ONSD measurements were performed in all patients; 44 measurements (83%) were in patients whose intracranial pressure was < 20 mmHg and nine measurements (17%) in those whose intracranial pressure was ≥ 20 mmHg. ONSD mean value of the group with intracranial pressure < 20 mmHg was 5.4 mm ± 1.0 and while that of the group with intracranial pressure ≥ 20 mmHg was 6.4 mm ± 0.7 (p = 0.0026). There was not statistically significant diference between left and right eyes measurements. Positive and statistically significant correlation was noted between ultrasonographic measurement of ONSD and invasive measurement. On the statistical analysis of ROC curve, the best cut-off was 6.18 mm, with a 77.8% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity. Conclusion: this was the first study in Brazil to evaluate the ONSD measurement in a quantitative analysis and the study with largest sample with severe TBI patients only underwent intracranial pressure invasive measurement already published. From this article, it is possible to conclude a positive correlation between ultrasonographic measurement of ONSD and intracranial pressure invasive measurement with a threshold of 6.18 mm. This validation does not intend to replace the invasive technique, however it demonstrates that this non-invasive technique might be a complementary tool in the neurocritical care when there are not available scans, medical supplies or neurosurgical team.

Utilidad del protocolo focused assessment with transthoracic echocardiography (FATE) en la evaluación del paciente con shock / The usefulness of the (FATE) protocol focused assessment with transthoracic echocardiography in patients with shock

Determinar la utilidad del protocolo FATE (Focused Assessment with Transthoracic Echocardiography) en la evaluación de los pacientes en shock. ingresados al Servicio de Cuidados Intermedios del Hospital Central Universitario Dr. "Antonio María Pineda", Barquisimeto, Venezuela en el período agosto-octubre 2019, Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, de 30 pacientes, con promedio de edad de 56,86 ± 15,85 años, Resultados: predominó el grupo de 71-80 años (23,33%), de sexo masculino (63,33%). Según la clasificación del shock por Weil y Shubin el 50% presentó shock distributivo (todos por sepsis), 20% cardiogénico, 16,67% hipovolémico y obstructivo. 13,33% Los principales hallazgos ecocardiográficos fueron presencia de derrame pleural bilateral (33,33%), derrame pleural unilateral (30%) y derrame pericárdico (23,33%). Además, 26,67% presentaron espesor miocárdico patológico, 33,33% dimensiones de VD-VI aumentadas, 46,67% función sistólica ventricular alterada; sumado al hecho que 70% de la contractibilidad y 60% de la visualización pulmonar eran patológicas. El valor cualitativo del protocolo FATE resultó en: 43,33% soportaba la información disponible, 26,67% añadió información decisiva a la terapéutica, 23,33% agregó nueva información y 6,67% información fue pobre por mala ventana. La mortalidad a los 7 días fue de 43,33%, siendo más frecuente en pacientes con shock distributivo (61,54%), seguido de cardiogénico (23,08%) y obstructivo (15,38%), no hubo defunciones por shock hipovolémico. Los valores cualitativos del protocolo FATE en pacientes fallecidos; por shock distributivo 37,5%, soportó la información disponible y agregó nueva información, respectivamente. En cambio en 100% de los fallecidos por shock cardiogénico y obstructivo, el protocolo FATE añadió información decisiva a la terapéutica. Los resultados demuestran la importancia del Protocolo FATE en el manejo de pacientes con shock(AU)

To determine the usefulness of the FATE protocol (Focused Assessment with Transthoracic Echocardiography) in the evaluation of patients in shock admitted to the Intermediate Care Unit of the "University Hospital Antonio Maria Pineda" in Barquisimeto, Venezuela, during the period August-October 2019, Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done, selecting 30 patients, with an average age of 56.86 ± 15.85 years; the most affected group was 71-80 years old (23.33%), with a predominance of the male sex (63.33%) Results: According to the classification of shock by Weil and Shubin, 50% were found to have distributive shock (all due to sepsis), 20% cardiogenic, 16.67% hypovolemic and obstructive 13.33%. The main echocardiographic findings were the presence of bilateral pleural effusion (33.33%), unilateral pleural effusion (30%) and pericardial effusion (23.33%). In addition, 26.67% presented pathological myocardial thickness, 33.33% increased RV-LV dimensions, 46.67% impaired ventricular systolic function; also, 70% of contractibility and 60% of pulmonary visualization were pathological. The qualitative value of the FATE protocol resulted in: 43.33% supported the available information, 26.67% added decisive information to the therapy, 23.33% added new information and 6.67% information was poor due to a bad US window. (Mortality at 7 days was 43.33%, being more frequent in patients with distributive shock (61.54%), followed by cardiogenic (23.08%) and obstructive (15.38%); there were no deaths due to hypovolemic shock. The qualitative values of the FATE protocol in patients with distributive shock who died, was that 37.5% In contrast, in 100% of those who died by cardiogenic and obstructive shock, the FATE protocol added decisive information to the therapy. Conclusion:The results demonstrate the importance of the FATE Protocol in the management of patients with shock(AU)

Características epidemiológicas del trauma abdominal en el Hospital Viedma, Cochabamba, Bolivia / Epidemiological characteristics of abdominal trauma at the hospital viedma, Cochabamba, Bolivia

Objetivos: analizar las características epidemiológicas del trauma abdominal en pacientes de 18 a 78 años atendidos en el Complejo Hospitalario Viedma de la ciudad de Cochabamba, durante el periodo de enero del 2011 a julio del 2012. Métodos: se realiza un estudio de tipo observacional y de corte transversal en 31 registros de pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de trauma abdominal, considerando una seguridad del 95%, a=0,05 y Z1-a =0,76; seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio no probabilístico sistémico. Resultados: el grupo más vulnerable son los varones (71%), el mecanismo más frecuente son los accidentes automovilísticos (32%); el diagnóstico de ingreso y egreso más frecuente fué trauma abdominal cerrado (65%). La técnica quirúrgica más empleada fue laparotomía exploratoria y rafia de viscera hueca (87%y52%), la complicación más frecuente el hemoperitoneo (16%). Conclusiones: existe una relación directa y estadísticamente significativa entre el tiempo demorado para el ingreso a quirófano y la estadía intrahospitalaria en pacientes ingresados por trauma abdominal independientemente de su tipología (COVAR=22,24 y R²=0,5335).

Objectives: to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of abdominal trauma in patients 18 to 78 years treated at the Hospital Viedma city of Cochabamba, during the period January 2011 to July 2012. Methods: we performedis a study of observational and cross-sectional records in 31 patients with confirmed diagnosis of abdominal trauma, considering a 95% confidence, a = 0.05 and Z1-a = 0.76, selected by non-probability random sampling systemic. Results: the most vulnerable group are men (71%), the most common mechanism are motor vehicle accidents (32%), the diagnosis of most frequent entry and exit was closed abdominal trauma (65%). The surgical technique used was exploratory laparotomy and raffia hollow viscera (87% Y52%), the most common complication hemoperitoneum (16%). Con-clusions: there is a statistically significant relationship between the time elapsed for admission to the operating room and hospital stay in patients admitted for abdominal trauma regardless of their type (COVAR = 22.24 and R2 = 0.5335).